Which is an expected outcome of NSF's responses to complex challenges?

The expected outcome of NSF's responses to complex challenges is the development of comprehensive, multi-disciplinary research solutions. This approach recognizes that many of today's issues, such as climate change, public health crises, and technological advancements, cannot be effectively addressed within the confines of a single discipline. Instead, they require collaboration among various fields, integrating different perspectives and expertise to generate innovative and holistic solutions.

By fostering multi-disciplinary research, the NSF encourages researchers to work together across different scientific, engineering, and social science domains. This collaboration can lead to more robust and adaptable solutions that consider the complexities of real-world problems. Engaging multiple disciplines allows for more thorough investigation and understanding, ultimately enhancing the quality and impact of the research conducted.

The other options suggest approaches that would limit the effectiveness of addressing complex challenges. A single-discipline focus might simplify research results but would lack the depth needed to tackle multi-faceted issues. Neglecting cross-sector collaboration would hinder the sharing of important insights and resources that could be pivotal in developing effective solutions. Reduced stakeholder engagement would similarly limit the incorporation of varied perspectives and the practical applicability of research findings.